Lesson9

File I/O
data buffer - A block of memory into which data is placed for transmission to a program, usually with file or string processing. exception-driven loop - A loop used that handles program exceptions without forcing the program to stop. Example in Java: the try/catch loop. flushing - Clears an output buffer before closing an output file stream. input stream - A data object that allows a program to input data from a file or the keyboard output stream - A data object that allows a program to output data from a file or the terminal screen. random access - When data can be accessed anywhere on a storage device without reading all the data sequentially sequential access - A situation in which access to a data item depends on its position in the data structure. For example: the fields on our records in the ReadWriteFile program. text file - A file that contains characters and are readable and writeable by text editors.
 * Vocabulary**

Java I/O package used:
 * import java.io.*;

__Social and Ethical Issues Relating to Data and Files__ Privacy Issues: Is our private data safe in the digital age?** [|**http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6412572n**]
 * What are the problems? What are the solutions?**

__Terms/Vocabulary/Components:__
 * network -** two or more computer that can communicate with one another (send messages, web pages, emails, transfer files, share files, etc.)
 * servers** - A [|network server] is a computer designed to process requests and deliver data to other (client) computers over a local network or the Internet. Examples include Web servers, proxy servers, and FTP servers. Not only should you be familiar with using servers on the Internet, an increasing number of people hvae learned to set up network servers for business and personal uses.
 * clients** - send the request for a web page, file, etc to the client.
 * client/server network example:** WWW
 * peer-peer network** - allows the client to also act as a server
 * Internet -** worldwide network of networks and computers
 * LAN -** Local area network
 * WAN** - Wide area network (lays on top of the Internet in places)
 * Intranet** - This is an internal, private network used within a company.
 * VPN -** Virtual Private Network. Imitation of a secluded intranet on the Web, enabling secure traffic of encrypted data.


 * __Working Remotely - telecommuting__ -**
 * positive social impacts** - saves time and energy because you can work from home.
 * negative social impacts** - distractions at home and puts company data at risk with a company data on a laptop at home and the transfer of information over the WWW.
 * Data Security - How can we and systems administrators protect data on our personal computers and in the business world?**
 * use a password to logon to your computer
 * password your network connection
 * set permissions to access select files on the network
 * password protect files and databases
 * use a VPN when transfer company data across the Internet
 * use encryption software
 * use firewalls to limit network access
 * use anti-virus software
 * set restrictive permissions on user accounts
 * filter web sites

What factors can make our data unreliable, inaccurate, stolen or potentially lost in our digital age?
 * __Data integrity/reliability__**
 * Hardware reliability
 * Inadequate data redundancy in system
 * Inadequate system backups
 * Hackers
 * Viruses
 * Lack of security (permissions, password protections, encryptions)
 * Data obsolescence - Changes in technology can put our files, media and historical archives at risk in the future. What we can read today might not be readable 50 yrs. from now due to the rapid changes in technology that affects hardware devices and software.